The Effect of Workload and Work Environment on Cyberloafing Behavior, with Work Stress as an Intervening Variable

Muhammad Fathir Hasan; Andriyastuti Suratman

doi:10.55927/fjmr.v5i7.147

Authors

Muhammad Fathir Hasan Universitas Islam Indonesia
Andriyastuti Suratman Universitas Islam Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v5i7.147

Keywords:

Workload, Work Environment, Stress at Work, Cyberloafing, R&D

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine how workload and workplace conditions affect cyberloafing among R&D Department employees at PT Kalbe Farma Tbk, considering job stress as a mediating variable. The high job expectations and work pressures in the R&D environment make this research important since they may lead to increased job stress and cyberloafing actions, both of which can have a negative effect on worker efficiency. The methodology of purposeful sampling was used for identifying 150 employees of PT Kalbe Farma Tbk's R&D Department for the study, which used a quantitative methodology and survey method. The method of Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares was used to examine the data (SEM-PLS). The research results show that employment stress and cyberloafing are significantly and positively affected by workload and work environment. Furthermore, cyberloafing is positively and significantly impacted by job stress, which has also been shown to mediate the association between workload and cyberloafing as well as between work environment and cyberloafing. The findings presented show that decreasing a cyberloafing behavior and enhancing worker effectiveness in the R&D setting requires productive control of workloads, the development of a supportive work environment, and proper job related stress reduction.

References

Ahakwa, I., Yang, J., Tackie, E. A., & Atingabili, S. (2021). The influence of employee engagement, work environment and job satisfaction on organizational commitment and performance of employees: a sampling weights in PLS path modelling. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 4(3), 34-62. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v4i3.641

Aladwan, M. A., Mualab, I. Al, & Salleh, H. S. (2021). Cyberloafing as a mediating variable in the relationship between workload and organizational commitment. Management Science Letters, 11, 1013-1022. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.9.041

Askew, K. L., Buckner, J. E., Taing, M. U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A., & Coovert, M. D. (2014). Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.006

Assidiqi, M. I. F., & Suryosukmono, G. (2023). Pengaruh workload dan stress kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan cyberloafing sebagai mediasi. JMBI UNSRAT (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Bisnis dan Inovasi Universitas Sam Ratulangi), 10(3), 2221–2233. https://doi.org/10.35794/jmbi.v10i3.52869

Attiq, K., & Filatrovi, E. W. (2022). Pengelolaan burnout karyawan guna menghentikan cyberloafing. Among Makarti. https://jurnal.stieama.ac.id/index.php/ama/article/view/232

Aulia, S. F., Alayyannur, P. A., Dwiyanti, E., Martiana, T., & Arini, S. Y. (2021). Correlation between Workload and Work Environment with Work Stress. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(1). 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i1.13678

Awan, A. G., Shafiq, M., & Zia, M. (2023). Impact of work environment on job stress and employee performance: Evidence from the education sector. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 38(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2023.2181054

Bashir, U., & Ramay, M. I. (2010). Impact of stress on employees job performance: A study on banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(1), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v2n1p122

Buruck, G., Pfarr, A.-L., Penz, M., Wekenborg, M., Rothe, N., & Walther, A. (2020). The Influence of Workload and Work Flexibility on Work-Life Conflict and the Role of Emotional Exhaustion. Behavioral Sciences, 10(11), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10110174

Caniago, A. J., & Dewi, Y. E. P. (2023). Peran Stress Kerja Dalam Memediasi Pengaruh Beban Kerja Terhadap Perilaku Cyberloafing Di Pdam Ketapang. JPEK (Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan), 7(2), 570-582. 10.29408/jpek.v7i2.23192.

Chandra, R., & Adriansyah, D. (2017). Pengaruh beban kerja dan lingkungan kerja terhadap stres kerja pada karyawan PT. Mega Auto Central Finance Cabang di Langsa. Jurnal Manajemen dan Keuangan, 6(1), 670–678. https://ejurnalunsam.id/index.php/jmk/article/view/214

Chatzittofis, A., Stenlund, T., & Holmgren, K. (2021). Work-related stress and the work environment: A study among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 21, 1976. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12006-9

Constantio, F. & Bangun, W. (2025). Workload, Job Stress, and Employee Turnover Intention. JMDB – Journal of Management & Development Business, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.53088/jmdb.v5i2.1554

Elshaer, I. A., & Mahmoud, A. B. (2023). Work stress and cyberloafing behavior among hospitality employees: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(4), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584221126891

Farras, F., & Praningrum. (2026). The influence of job stress and workload on cyberloafing: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Jurnal Manajemen, 17(1), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.32832/jm-uika.v17i1.21253

Fogaça, N., dos Santos, M. A., & Coelho, J. C. (2023). The impact of workload on stress and work-life balance: A cross-cultural analysis of employee well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1145928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145928

Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 25. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Henle, C. A., & Blanchard, A. L. (2008). The interaction of work stressors and organizational sanctions on cyberloafing. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20(3), 383–400. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604506

Herlianto, A. W. (2012). Pengaruh stres kerja pada cyberloafing. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Manajemen, 1(2), 45–53. https://journal.ukwms.ac.id/index.php/JUMMA/article/view/203

Herlianto, A. W. (2012). Pengaruh stres kerja pada cyberloafing. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Manajemen, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.33508/jumma.v1i2.203

Jamaluddin, H., Ahmad, Z., & Liew, T. W. (2023). Exploring cyberloafing as a coping mechanism in relation to job-related strain and outcomes: A study using the mediational model of stress. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), Article 2278209. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2278209

Jauhar, M. F., & Suratman, A. (2022). Transformational Leadership on Performance: Mediating Role of Flexible Work Arrangements and Work Engagements (Study on the Coffee Shop Industry in Yogyakarta). Review of Management and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.37715/rme.v6i1.2385

Juhnisa, E., & Fitria, Y. (2020). Pengaruh beban kerja terhadap burnout karyawan pada PT PLN (Persero) dengan dukungan sosial sebagai variabel pemediasi. Jurnal Kajian Manajemen dan Wirausaha, 2(4), 167–177. https://ejournal.unp.ac.id/students/index.php/mnj/article/view/10035

Juniar, R., & Arijanto, A. (2024). The Influence of Workload and Work Stress Mediated by Burnout on Cyberloafing Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Industry's R&D Department. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, dan Perencanaan Kebijakan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.47134/jampk.v2i1.426

Koay, K. Y., Soh, P. C. H., & Chew, K. W. (2017). Do employees’ private demands lead to cyberloafing? The mediating role of job stress. Management Research Review, 40(9), 1025–1038. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11-2016-0252

Kurniawati, D. (2022). Pengaruh stres kerja terhadap perilaku cyberloafing karyawan di era perkembangan dunia digital di PT Sarikaya Sega Utama Landasan Ulin. Economics PubMedia. https://economics.pubmedia.id/index.php/jampk/article/view/426

Kurniawati, D., Setiawan, H., & Rahmawati, N. (2022). Pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap perilaku cyberloafing karyawan pada perusahaan jasa di Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia, 8(2), 145–154.

Liang, X., Guo, G., Gong, Q., Li, S., & Li, Z. (2022). Cyberloafing to escape from the “devil”: Investigating the impact of abusive supervision from the third-party perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 722063. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722063

Lim, V. K. G., & Chen, D. J. Q. (2012). Cyberloafing at the workplace: Gain or drain on work? Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290903353054

Lu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Lu, Q. (2024). From stress to screen: understanding cyberloafing through cognitive and affective pathways. Behavioral Sciences, 14(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14030249

Lukan, J., Bolliger, L., Pauwels, N. S., Luštrek, M., Bacquer, D. D., & Clays, E. (2022). Work environment risk factors causing day-to-day stress in occupational settings: a systematic review. BMC public health, 22(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12354-8

Malindra, A. D. C., & Yulinda, A. T. (2025). Pengaruh beban kerja dan lingkungan terhadap perilaku cyberloafing karyawan (Studi kasus pada PT. Telkom Indonesia Witel Bengkulu). Jurnal Entrepreneur dan Manajemen Sains (JEMS), 6(2). https://doi.org/10.36085/jems.v6i2.8383

Nawaz, M., Su, X., & Raza, J. (2022). Impact of Work Environment on Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 886856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886856

Nguyen, Q. A., Tran, T. D., & Le, H. T. (2022). Workload and occupational stress among IT professionals: The moderating role of job control. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2083459. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2083459

Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2023). Cyberloafing behavior: The determinant factors related to work stress and workload in the banking sector. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen, 9(2), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.9.2.378

Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2023). Cyberloafing behavior: the determinant factors related to work stress and workload in the banking sector. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM), 9(2), 378-378.

Pangestuari, I., Karyatun, S., Sultoni, R. P., Saratian, E. T. P., Soelton, M., & Hidayat, T. N. (2023). Apakah Benar Perilaku Cyberloafing Akibat Beban Kerja Dan Stres Kerja Yang Berlebihan?. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Bisnis, 21(2), 214-277. DOI:10.32524/jkb.v21i2.842

Paramitha, C. C., & Wahyuni, I. (2021). Pengaruh cyberloafing dan komitmen organisasional terhadap kinerja pegawai dengan self control sebagai variabel moderating. Journal For Business and Entrepreneurship, 5(1). https://journal.uta45jakarta.ac.id/index.php/JBE/article/view/5209

Putra, M. R., Kim, S., & Lee, J. Y. (2023). Work overload, emotional exhaustion, and job stress: Evidence from the manufacturing sector. Sustainability, 15(2), 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021421

Putri, N. P. E. A. L., & Riana, I. G. (2025). PENGARUH BEBAN KERJA TERHADAP PERILAKU CYBERLOAFING KARYAWAN YANG DI MEDIASI OLEH STRES KERJA. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 14(8).

Putri, N. P. E. A., & Riana, I. G. (2025). Pengaruh beban kerja terhadap perilaku cyberloafing karyawan yang di mediasi oleh stres kerja. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2025.v14.i8.p01

Rahim, A., Qureshi, M. A., Shabbir, R., & Ahmad, F. (2022). The impact of job stress on employee performance: An empirical study on corporate employees in Pakistan. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 961314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961314

Ramadhani, A. F., Baidlowi, I., & Kasnowo, K. (2024). Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Stres Kerja terhadap Cyberloafing dengan Lingkungan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening: Studi pada UD Saimunjaya. Jurnal Penelitian Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis, 3(3), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.55606/jekombis.v3i3.5459

Runtuwarouw, R. F., Tewal, B., & Dotulong, L. O. H. (2022). Pengaruh lingkungan kerja, beban kerja, dan stres kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Badan Pengelola Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kota Manado. Jurnal EMBA, 10(3), 546–556. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/emba/article/view/42279

Saedpanah, K., Ghasemi, M., Akbari, H., Adibzadeh, A., & Akbari, H. (2023). Effects of workload and job stress on shift work disorders among nurses: PLS SEM modeling. European Journal of Translational Myology, 33(1), 10909. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2022.10909

Saleem, S., Malik, M. I., & Qureshi, S. S. (2022). Job stress and cyberloafing behavior: Evidence from the banking sector of Pakistan. Current Psychology, 41, 9124–9135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01167-8

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). Wiley.

Shujaat, S., Rehman, S. U., & Khan, A. H. (2021). Exploring the link between work stress and cyberloafing behavior: A coping perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 36(8), 677–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2020-0491

Siswanto, A., Setiawan, Z., Setiawan, R., Rahayu, B., & Munizu, M. (2023). The influence of work environment and workload on cyberloafing behavior of employees at Department of Education and Culture. Journal on Education, 5(4), 16256-16261. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i4.2765

Suratman, A., Suhartini, Palupi, M., Dihan, F. N., & Muhlison, M. B. (2021). The impact of psychological climate and self resillience on employee performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 1019–1029.

Suratman, A. (2021). The importance of psychological climate's effects toward employee performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis dan Ekonomi Asia, 15(2), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.32815/jibeka.v15i2.287

Syamsul Anam, I., Fitriani, L. K., & Adzimatinur, F. (2023). Pengaruh beban kerja dan stres kerja terhadap cyberloafing: Survei pada Alfamart di Kecamatan Kuningan. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Bisnis.